Santa Barbara Song Sparrow Facts

The Santa Barbara Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia graminea, sensu) is a now-extinct subspecies of song sparrow that lived on Santa Barbara Island in California and was most closely related to the Channel Island Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia graminea). It was one of the smallest of the 23 subspecies of song sparrows and had a perky short tail. Fast Facts: Santa Barbara Song Sparrow Scientific Name: Melospiza melodia graminea, sensuCommon Name: Santa Barbara Song SparrowBasic Animal Group: BirdSize: 4.7–6.7 inches; wingspan 7.1–9.4 inchesWeight: 0.4–1.9 ouncesLifespan: 4 yearsDiet:  OmnivoreHabitat: On Santa Barbara Island, Channel Islands, CaliforniaPopulation: 0Conservation Status: Extinct Description There are 34 subspecies of song sparrows in the world: It is one of the most polytypic birds in North America, with a good deal of variation, especially in geographically restricted species. The Santa Barbara Song Sparrow resembled other similar subspecies  and is described as most closely resembling the Heermanns Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia heermanni). It was one of the smallest song sparrow subspecies and was characterized by a particularly gray back with dark streaks. Most song sparrows are browner in color with dark streaks. In general, a song sparrows breast and belly are white with dark streaking and a dark brown spot in the middle of the breast. It has a brown-capped head and a long, brown tail that is rounded on the end. The sparrows face is gray and streaked. The Santa Barbara song sparrows were distinguished from other song sparrows by a smaller, more slender bill, and a tail which was shorter than the wing. Habitat and Range The Santa Barbara Song Sparrow was known to exist only on 639-acre Santa Barbara Island (the smallest of the Channel Islands) in Los Angeles County, California. The sparrows natural habitat on the island was much like the habitat of other species of the song sparrow, which are generally abundant and adaptable on the mainland United States. Habitat components on the island that the sparrow relied on included: Thickets of shrubs like sagebrush, dense grasslands, and other scrubby vegetation for nesting and shelter (cover)Food resources such as giant coreopsis (Coreopsis gigantean, also called the tree sunflower), the Santa Barbara Island live-forever, shrubby buckwheat, and chicoryStanding or running fresh water or a consistent source of moisture from fog or dew Diet and Behavior In general, song sparrows are known to frequently forage on the ground and also in low vegetation where they are protected from predators by thickets and shrubs. Like other song sparrow species, the Santa Barbara Song Sparrow ate a variety of plant seeds and insects (including beetles, caterpillars, bees, ants and wasps, and flies). In spring, during the periods of nesting and rearing of young, insects increased in terms of the important components of the sparrows diet. The year-round diet of song sparrows in California is 21 percent insects and 79 percent plants; the song sparrow also eats crustaceans and mollusks on the coasts. Reproduction and Offspring Based on extant species of song sparrows on San Miguel, Santa Rosa, and Anacapa islands in the Channels, the Santa Barbara song sparrow built compact, open nests of twigs and other plant material, which were optionally lined with grass. The female laid three broods per season, each between two to six red-brown marked, pale green eggs. Incubation ranged from 12–14 days and was tended to by the female. Both parents were involved in the feeding until the sparrows were fledged 9–12 days later.   The birds were serially and simultaneously polygamous, and DNA studies showed that 15 percent or more of the young were sired outside the social pair. Extinction Process During the first half of the 20th century, sparrow nesting habitat (scrub vegetation) on Santa Barbara Island began disappearing as a result of clearing land for farming and from browsing by introduced goats, European rabbits, and New Zealand red rabbits. Unnatural predation also threatened sparrows during this time, after the introduction of domestic cats to the island. The sparrows natural predators included the American Kestrel (Falco sparverius), Common Raven (Corvus corax), and Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus). Even with these new challenges to its survival, the song sparrows maintained a viable population through the summer of 1958. Unfortunately, a large fire in 1959 destroyed most of the sparrows remaining habitat. The birds are thought to have been extirpated from the island during the 1960s because years of intensive surveys and monitoring throughout the 1990s did not reveal any resident song sparrows on the island. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service officially determined that the Santa Barbara Song Sparrow was extinct and removed it from the endangered species list on October 12, 1983, citing a loss of habitat and predation by feral cats. Sources Arcese, Peter et al. Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia. Birds of North America: Cornell Lab of Ornithology, January 1, 2002.  BirdLife International 2016. Melospiza melodia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened: e.T22721058A94696727, 2016. Santa Barbara song sparrow (Melospiza melodia . ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.  graminea: Delisted due to ExtinctionVan Rossem, A. J. â€Å"A Survey of the Song Sparrows of the Santa Barbara Islands.† The Condor 26.6 (1924): 217–220.Zink, Robert M., and Donna L. Dittmann. Gene Flow, Refugia, and Evolution of Geographic Variation in the Song Sparrow (Melospiza Melodia). Evolution 47.3 (1993): 717–29.

The Industrialization Of Europe During The 20th Century

The industrialization of Europe resulted in widespread changes within society. French revolutionaries of all factions were aware that the whole of social life was infused with ideological significance, and were therefore determined to restructure society from top to bottom and across the board. R.G Collingwood argues that some social changes that were felt during this period of time included changes to class structure, the working class, family dynamics, women’s role, and even the lower to middle class. On the topic of social changes, he says that, â€Å"the industrial revolution had far reaching social consequences, which varied across class and regions. Between the late 18th and early 20th centuries, new family and class structures emerged†¦show more content†¦Factory production transformed the traditional rhythm of the labor force, which came from agricultural/craft backgrounds. Thus two interlinked aspects of work experience transformed were the notion of time an d the idea of work discipline. E.P. Thompson explains this was because changes in manufacture now demanded greater synchronization of labor and greater exactitude in time routines, simply because time was money in the new wage economy. The last important change that came from the Industrial revolution can be seen in work specialization. More and more workers performed more minuet and tedious tasks that consequently led to better efficiency for the factory. Unfortunately though the specialization that led to greater efficiency only allowed for an inadequate sense of accomplishment for the workers. This was because the worker would repeat a task day after day, week after week therefore they felt as if they were inconsequential to the greater picture at hand. Specialization of work, the new discipline, rigorous time schedules and low wages all contributed to a feeling of alienation for the worker, from his work and employer.4 The impact that this revolution had on the elites and bourgeoisie was a very interesting conundrum that needs to be investigated as well. According to Marvin Perry the forward movement in technology led to an enormous growth in the types of people that encompassed the middle, bourgeoisie class. Now we saw entrepreneur’sShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of The Late And Early 20th Century1693 Words   |  7 Pages The period surrounding the late and early 20th century was the most dramatic era in modern history. It was a period where Western ideals were pushed by motivated empires with ambitions of wealth and expanding territory and, while impossible to distinguish the most influencing factor that led to the Westernization of nations on a global scale, it is easy to determine key points that played important roles in world history. 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Lady Macbeth the Slayer of King Duncan Free Essays

Lady Macbeth: The slayer of King Duncan In the 7th grade I was suspended from school for being an â€Å"instigator. † I would cause disputes by persuading individuals who didn’t like one another, to hate one another. I’d gradually use my dynamic lingo to provoke the victims in the so called scuffle to get to that final step where they’d lose it and fight. We will write a custom essay sample on Lady Macbeth: the Slayer of King Duncan or any similar topic only for you Order Now I got what I wanted by manipulating the ones who were vulnerable and unsure what to do when placed in a troubling situation. Understanding the consequences, I received the same punishment as if I was in the fight myself. That same exact concept could be used to express how Lady Macbeth is more responsible for slaying King Duncan herself. Throughout the story the audience notices how manipulative and depraved Lady Macbeth can be. She has such a huge impact on how Macbeth thinks and on the actions he makes. Just like any other committed wife, she wants the best for her husband. She wants him to chase his glorious ambition, but fears he may not have enough determination to carry out the devious act in order to become the new â€Å"King of Scotland. † We soon learn that Lady Macbeth will do anything he assist her husband in achieving this glorious ambition. On page 311-312, Act 1, Scene 5, Lines 10-15: Lady Macbeth states, â€Å"That which cries, thus thou must do,† if thou have it, and that which rather thou dost fear to do, than wishest should be undone. Hie thee hither, that I may pour my spirits in thine ear and chastise with the valor of my tongue all that impedes thee from the golden round, which fate and metaphysical aid doth seem to have thee crowned withal. † This reveals the first step in Lady Macbeth’s plot to slay King Duncan, which is confirming her own opinion on the letter placed before her eyes. These lines allow the audience to visualize who she is as a person and also allows the audience to make a prediction on what move she will make next. After she prays to the spirits to take the feminine features out of her, so she could be a stern and heartless human being, Macbeth returns. This is the exact moment when she begins her act. On page 314, Act 1, Scene 5, Lines 63-65: Lady Macbeth says, â€Å"Only look up clear, To alter favor ever is to fear, Leave all the rest to me,† which basically declares that Lady Macbeth is entirely aware and up to date on what’s going on. She assertively enlightens Macbeth on how to disguise himself of his uncertainty and second thoughts about killing the king and is willing to accommodate Macbeth with anything else he needs assistance with. The second step in her scheme is now in the process of being complete. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are reunited and now Lady Macbeth is preparing her husband mentally to perform the assassination by giving him confidence and tips on how to remain unexposed to suspicion. However, later in Act 1 it is clear that Macbeth didn’t take the advice provided by Lady Macbeth earlier in Scene 5. On pg. 316, Act 1, Scene 7, Lines 31-35: Macbeth adds, â€Å"We will proceed no further in this business he hath honored me of late, and I have bought Golden opinions from all sorts of people, which would be worn now in their newest gloss not cast aside so soon. † Macbeth has decided he will no longer continue with this atrocious plot to murder King Duncan. It could over been over right there. King Duncan could have finished his meal, slept in peace and harmony, and returned home in the morning. Finally, Lady Macbeth slays King Duncan. After Macbeth claims that he will not go through with this dirty business any longer, Lady Macbeth ups her game. Lady Macbeth replies with, â€Å"When Duncan is asleep—Whereto the rather shall his day’s hard journey Soundly invite him—his two chamberlains Will I with wine and wassail so convince that memory, the warder of the brain, shall be a fume, and the receipt of reason A limbeck only: when in swinish sleep Their drenched natures lie as in a death, what cannot you and I perform upon The unguarded Duncan? What not put upon his spongy officers, who shall bear the guilt of our great quell? † She improvises and takes matters a step further. Not only did she provide a new and improved plan to her husband, but assured him that going through with this to strive for his ambition will bring him and herself promising awards. At the end of the act, Macbeth is certain that he will carry out with murdering King Duncan due to the dynamic lingo of Lady Macbeth. In conclusion, an instigator is someone who deliberately foments trouble. Throughout the story the audience can confirm that Lady Macbeth was in fact more responsible for the murder of King Duncan. Her plan of attack contained the three steps which were establishing an opinion, preparing the victim mentally (Macbeth), and providing a plan for execution of the task. Each of these steps contributed to the satisfaction of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s dreams and desires (Lady Macbeth’s intention from the beginning). Lady Macbeth is an instigator and more responsible for slaying King Duncan the Macbeth is. How to cite Lady Macbeth: the Slayer of King Duncan, Essay examples

Creative writing Five Essay Example For Students

Creative writing: Five Essay In the migration of the talented tenth black people and black business were moving to the north. They are moving for better opportunities; for example better paying jobs and better education for themselves and their children. Most black people who had success in the north would not return to the south. If the blacks showed that they are intelligent and that they studied major subjects like history, law and economics, they will be humiliated and mobs will be form to drive them out because they were bad examples of black people they wanted to keep unskilled. The white people are afraid that the black people would surpass them. The movement from north to south was not a major move because black people who had a good education received jobs like waiters, porters, butlers and chauffeurs. The north improved black people economic conditions and political freedom. In the gift of the black tropics speak about how foreign born blacks come to America for economic reason. The black youths came for the purpose of education to better themselves and help the family they left in their countries. The largest foreigners came from Spanish speaking countries and the smaller groups came from the West Indies. When they arrived to America all their principles and morals are gone as Domingo tells us. Many black immigrants have been subjected to unskilled jobs. Some applied for position that the average black person could not get. Domingo says that they are the reason some new and better job opportunities have opened up for blacks. Also he said how some black people open business like barber shops and pool rooms were there is no competition. The others open shop that have the fiercest competition for example grocery stores, tailor shops, jewelry stores and fruit vending. Some black people even got into real estate and other high paying jobs. The similarities between the migration of the talented tenth and gift of the black tropic are how black people leave one place and come to another for better jobs, better education, and in some cases freedom. Woodson talks about how a large number of black migrated from the south to north; this similar to how Doming talks about how from this date to this date heres how many black have come to the United States. Another major similarities is when the black people arrive to were they are migrating to they are subjected to menial or unskilled jobs as both author put it. Woodson goes into a little deeper by saying exactly what kind of jobs black people got at that time. The difference between the gift of the black tropics and migration of the talented tenth are that in Domingos piece he actually used statistics to say how many black people migrated to America. Woodson just estimated how many migrated from south to north. Another difference is the foreign black that made it to America thought they were superior to the people in their country but the northern blacks didnt think they were superior to the southern blacks; they just thought they were better off in the north. Also, a major difference is the kind of jobs black people got; even though both blacks in the stories work menial jobs the foreign black in Doming story got were better business owners than the black in Woodson story. The Foreign blacks in Domingos story owned business like barber shops, pool rooms grocery stores, tailor shops, jewelry stores and fruit vending. They had jobs in real estate and insurance. The blacks in Woodson had menial jobs like waiters, porters, butlers and chauffeurs. I think the migration had a big affect on the black community. .u6e75d91386a3e2d84a2cb31b6993d77f , .u6e75d91386a3e2d84a2cb31b6993d77f .postImageUrl , .u6e75d91386a3e2d84a2cb31b6993d77f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6e75d91386a3e2d84a2cb31b6993d77f , .u6e75d91386a3e2d84a2cb31b6993d77f:hover , .u6e75d91386a3e2d84a2cb31b6993d77f:visited , .u6e75d91386a3e2d84a2cb31b6993d77f:active { border:0!important; } .u6e75d91386a3e2d84a2cb31b6993d77f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6e75d91386a3e2d84a2cb31b6993d77f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6e75d91386a3e2d84a2cb31b6993d77f:active , .u6e75d91386a3e2d84a2cb31b6993d77f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6e75d91386a3e2d84a2cb31b6993d77f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6e75d91386a3e2d84a2cb31b6993d77f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6e75d91386a3e2d84a2cb31b6993d77f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6e75d91386a3e2d84a2cb31b6993d77f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6e75d91386a3e2d84a2cb31b6993d77f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6e75d91386a3e2d84a2cb31b6993d77f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6e75d91386a3e2d84a2cb31b6993d77f .u6e75d91386a3e2d84a2cb31b6993d77f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6e75d91386a3e2d84a2cb31b6993d77f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Overview of the Synoptic Problem EssayIt created more job opportunities for black people. If many blacks are coming from other places to the north or America these people will be looking for jobs to better themselves. Also, considering the jobs they were getting it would not be hard for them to get those jobs. Also, I believe because of the migration black people were progressing. They owned business; some even owned big business for example Madame C. J Walker the first black self made millionaire. Their business were able to compete with white people business if that not progress I dont know what is.

Animal Experimentation Essays (784 words) - Animal Testing

Animal Experimentation Animal Experimentation ANIMAL RIGHTS-- The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was founded in England in 1824 to promote humane treatment of work animals, such as cattle and horses, and of household pets. Within a few decades similar organizations existed throughout Europe. An American society was founded in New York in 1866. Then after, these organizations were protesting the use of animals in laboratory experiments and the use of vivisection for teaching. Until the mid-1970s the focus on humane treatment of animals continued. After that period, animal rights activists enlarged their priorities, considerably. It is estimated that 70 million animals are used in research every year in the United States alone. The trained psychologist must reflect carefully on the limitations of making comparisons of animal and human behavior. Without analyses, animal studies may lead to faulty conclusions of animal and human behavior. A mental illness in a rat is different from that in a human. Just as researchers would rule out harmful experimentation on human subjects, they should stop experimentation that causes animal suffering. The American Psychological Association has established guidelines concerning the use of animals in psychological research. But for many animal protection activists, the APA guidelines are not enough. The misuse of research animals occurs despite organizational guidelines and protective legislation. Psychological researchers unnecessarily repeat many experiments on animals and that there is little evidence that any human benefits come from this work. Also, Psychologists and others involved in animal research make few efforts to find alternative means of gathering data. Why should we experiment on animals with products that are not important in medical research!? Pharmaceutical and other industrial labs will use animals to screen drugs, cosmetics, and other substances before selling them. Any new product or ingredient is usually tested on rats, mice, guinea pigs, dogs, or rabbits. The questionable substance may be applied to a small area of the animal's skin to determine the development of allergic responses after some applications. In the Draize test, which was developed in the 1940's, a substance is dropped into rabbits' eyes to check eye damage and how long it takes to recover. Rabbits are used because their eyes produce no tears, because blinking will wash away an irritant. This test has been used by cosmetics firms to test the eye irritability of shampoos and other products. Some psychologists believe that since psychology is the science of behavior, animal behavior is just as interesting and important as human behavior. But many experiments, like systematic brain surgery, for example, cannot be performed on human beings and must be done on animals if anything at all is to be learned. Animal behavior is simpler than human behavior. I believe that animal testing is wrong and should not be used unless the researcher can strongly prove that his/her evidence from the questionable experiment will help out in IMPORTANT research. If the researcher is found experimenting on animals, they should loose their licenses, fined, and thrown in jail! If their evidence would be helpful, and safe, then they can do their research. Another alternative is to ask humans to do the experiment. Many people wouldn't mind it. Not surprisingly, however, humans don't want to be guinea pigs and scientists have in the past had little choice but to use animals. If you want to develop drugs to treat human diseases, then the ideal subjects are, naturally enough, humans. No other animal shares all our biochemistry so we can never be sure that a drug that works on animals will work on us. That's why it's good news that more experiments can now be done using human tissue kept in culture rather than live animals. The opening of Europe's first human tissue bank, together with this week's announcement that a new company will test drugs without using any animals are welcome signs of the times. Unfortunately, the use of laboratory animals will not end soon. Human tissues are mainly being used to help basic research. Most laboratory animals are used in toxicology tests and it will be a long while before we can be sure that tests using human tissue are as (or more) reliable. It will be even longer before the whole testing principle can be

Create a great resume in 10 minutes

Create a great resume in 10 minutes Do you want to learn how to create a great resume fast? Whether you’re starting from scratch or updating an existing document, creating a great resume does not have to take a lot of time. According to a recent LinkedIn article, it isn’t uncommon for individuals to spend anywhere from several hours to several weeks working on their resumes. Although this can be time well spent, especially if it results in the new job of your dreams, you may be surprised to hear that in just 10 minutes you can have a functional and effective resume that will get you noticed.Use the strategies presented here to get your resume in great shape- in no time.Set a goal.Try not to think of creating a resume as a â€Å"one and done† activity. Instead, imagine every job you apply for as an opportunity to craft a targeted resume that best showcases your experience, abilities, and potential value. This means setting a goal- which doesn’t need to take up a great deal of your time.Why is setting a goal important? Consider creating a resume as a journey, and the quickest way to complete any journey is to have a clearly defined endpoint, which helps you determine the most efficient path forward. Your resume’s goal is your â€Å"guiding light,† saving you time and keeping you on track along your resume-writing path.When you come across a job opening that interests you, you should be able to conjure up a goal in around a minute. Here’s an example: if you’re eager to apply to a job as a marketing manager at a tech company, you may decide that a good goal is â€Å"portray myself as an experienced leader with a track record of marketing success and technical knowhow.† That was easy enough, and now you can move forward.Nail the fundamentals.Once you have a goal, ask yourself the following questions as you craft your resume’s bullet points: â€Å"Does this help me achieve my overall goal?† â€Å"Is there a better way to phra se this to help me achieve my goal?† Before long, this questioning process will become second nature and happen almost instinctively, ultimately saving you from sweating endlessly over each point.Stick to the fundamentals- the key responsibilities you’ve held during each of your previous job positions- and you’ll be able to quickly put together a resume that achieves your goal. Your resume doesn’t have to include every single thing you’ve ever done in your professional life, just the major items that serve to meet your goal. Remember, you can always go into greater detail regarding your experience during interviews.Hit your high notes.Did you take the lead on a major cost-saving initiative at work? Are you responsible for closing a lucrative deal for a previous employer? Do you have a slew of professional promotions and accolades that you’re proud of? Make sure that all of your positive on-the-job accomplishments are included on your resume. These complimentary items- which will help you stand out from the job hunting crowd- are likely easy to recall, so you won’t need to spend too much time remembering them.Have a basic template.Having a core resume template is a fantastic time saving tool. This basic resume â€Å"skeleton† should include the core fundamentals and high notes for each position you’ve held and will comprise most of the resume work you’ll need to do; you’ll simply need to tweak your resume template for any given position, which shouldn’t take much time. Typically, these tweaks include adding industry-specific keywords, which will help your resume make it through automated screening applications, and any items specifically asked for in a particular ad. With a well-crafted template, creating targeted resumes should be quick!Save your time for the job hunt!These days, the average person is busier than ever before, and all of us are eager to make our daily responsibil ities as quick and easy as possible. Save time and energy creating a great resume by using the strategies listed here, and invest that extra time in your job hunt!

Collective Bargaining and Unions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Collective Bargaining and Unions - Essay Example Traditionally, trade unions were very powerful in championing employee rights hence were viewed as adversaries by the management but nowadays the management has realised the need to partner with them. Though collective bargaining is an effective way of ensuring favourable working conditions, the employment context has changed and new ways of handling employee issues have emerged such as the human resource management approach which views workers as assets hence partnering with them in realisation of the organization aims (Wilton, 2011). The question that begs an answer is; which is the most appropriate approach to employment relations in a dynamic and turbulent environment? This requires us to delve into the benefits of having strong unions and the disadvantages as well as the HRM approach to employment relations. Collective bargaining and a strong role for unions have various implications on the various actors in employment relations such as the employees, employers, trade unions and the state. In Britain, trade unions had a lot of power before the conservative government took over power. The players in British employment relations include the Trade Union Congress, European Union, staff associations, state, employee representatives, and employers among others (Armstrong, 2009). ... They also help to settle disputes by participating in disciplinary and grievance hearings, legal representation for members, ensuring health and safety standards are maintained and ensuring job security by protecting them against unlawful dismissal. Trade unions can effectively bargain for improved wages and benefits for workers but what does this imply for the employer? If it results in higher wages than equilibrium wages in the market, the employer is unable to compete effectively in the highly competitive global market hence may be forced out of business or reduce production (Hyman, 2001). Moreover, increased wages lead to high production costs thus reduced output which may force the employer to cut labour costs by reducing the number of employees. This is a disadvantage to the employees as they lose income. For unions, increased wages means increased returns for them although a reduction in membership means loss of returns. Sometimes collective bargaining does not end up in an ag reement hence conflicts arise. A strong union may influence members to go on strike until their demands are met or stay on the job but slow their production (Singh, 2010).This leads to great losses for the employer due to reduced productivity or lost production. For example, British Airways strike in 2010 led to disruption of flights from Heathrow airport hence massive losses due to cancellation of flights and loss of consumer confidence. Trade disputes are therefore inevitable where unions are strong. Collective bargaining determines the relationship between employee and employer through an agreed employment contract (Torrington et al. 2011). This may limit workplace flexibility which is much needed in today’s